Disturbi del Comportamento Alimentare: Bulimia

I Disturbi del Comportameno Alimentare fanno la loro comparsa nella letteratura scientifica intorno agli anni Settanta. Prima di allora non c’era molta attenzione per tutte le problematiche legate all’alimentazione. Com’è noto, i primi disturbi ad essere stati osservati e studiati sono stati l’Anoressia e la Bulimia.

Solo in anni recenti altri disturbi (BED, Ortoressia, ecc.) sono diventati di interesse crescente per tutti i professionisti che si occupano del rapporto alimentazione/ disagio. Nel corso delle settimane tratteremo i vari disturbi che, di origine psicologica, coinvolgono un numero sempre più alto di adolescenti e adulti.

Oggi tratteremo la Bulimia, disturbo caratterizzato da due dimensioni che possono presentarsi separatamente o essere co-presenti nel disturbo: crisi iperfagica e condotte di eliminazione. La crisi iperfagica, meglio conosciuta come abbuffata, riguarda un comportamento in cui la persona consuma in un tempo molto breve grandi quantità di cibo. 

Durante l’abbuffata la persona perde ogni controllo rispetto alla quantità e alla qualità di cibo ingerito. E’ molto frequente ritrovare, dopo l’abbuffata, un senso di colpa e lo sconforto per la perdita di controllo nell’assunzione del cibo.La condotta di eliminazione invece si contraddistingue per un uso eccessivo di lassativi, diuretici e in alcuni casi nell’induzione del vomito. 

In questi casi, è possibile trovare persone che fanno moltissima attività fisisca. L’indice di massa corporea  (peso in Kg/altezza in metri) essendo in genere leggermente al di sopra della media, ci presentano una persona con un leggero sovrappeso. I comportamenti delle pazienti con disturbo bulimico creano varie complicazioni di tipo medico.

Tra i disturbi a cui si può andare incontro troviamo per esempio: problematiche cardiache, ulcere, corrosione dello smalto dentale, problematiche intestinali, ecc. La bulimia è un disturbo molto serio che andrebbe affrontato in un approccio muldisciplinare (medico e psicoterapeuta). Chi soffre di questo disturbo dovrebbe consultare uno specialista poichè è necessario intraprendere un percorso per comprenderne le cause psicologiche che hanno determinato la sua comparsa.

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