Sotto la locuzione dieta vegetariana vanno in realtà almeno tre tipologie differenti di vegetarismo (o vegetarianesimo): il latto-ovo-vegetarismo, il latto-vegetarismo e la dieta vegan (detta anche vegetaliana). Si tratta di modelli alimentari accomunati dall’eliminazione, per motivi etici, ambientali, sociali o di salute, di cibi di origine animale; ma mentre la dieta lacto-ovo-vegetariana contempla l’esclusione dalla dieta delle sole carni, all’estremo opposto il veganismo oppone il proprio rifiuto non solo ai cibi animali, ma anche ai loro derivati.
Vediamole una per una:
Latto-ovo-vegetarismo
Dalla dieta lacto-ovo-vegetariana sono esclusi la carne e suoi derivati, il pesce, i molluschi e i crostacei. Sono invece permessi il latte, le uova e i rispettivi derivati. Ha il vantaggio di comportare carenze nutrizionali minori rispetto alla dieta vegana e latto-vegetariana, grazie proprio al consumo di alimenti di origine animale.
Latto-vegetarismo
Il latto-vegetarismo prevede l’esclusione, oltre che della carne e dei suoi derivati, pesce, molluschi e crostacei, delle uova e dei loro derivati; permessi invece il latte e tutti i suoi derivati. Anche il latto-vegetarismo ha il pregio di comportare minori carenze nutrizionali rispetto alla dieta vegana, anche se l’esclusione delle uova potrebbe comportare una diminuzione dell’apporto di proteine animali.
La dieta vegana (o vegan o vegetaliana)
La dieta vegana si fonda sul consumo esclusivo di alimenti vegetali e prevede l’eliminazione di tutti i cibi di origine animale e i loro derivati: carne e suoi derivati, pesce, molluschi e crostacei, uova e loro derivati, latte e suoi derivati. Il vantaggio di questo modello alimentare è rappresentato, con tutta probabilità, dalla riduzione del rischio di insorgenza di patologie legate al consumo eccessivo di alimenti di origine animale (alcuni tipi di tumore, ipertensione ed altre malattie cardiovascolari, obesità, diabete), mentre trova di sicuro la propria debolezza nella carenza di vitamina B12, contenuta solamente negli alimenti provenienti dal regno animale, rendendo necessaria l’assunzione di integratori alimentari che la contengono.
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