Vitamine, cosa sono e perchè sono importanti

vitamins

Le vitamine rappresentano nutrienti essenziali per la salute dell’organismo poichè svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nella regolazione dell’attività metabolica e delle funzioni cellulari.

Il fabbisogno vitaminico varia da individuo a individuo in funzione dell’età, dello stile di vita, delle condizioni fisiologiche e delle abitudini alimentari.

Dal momento che il nostro organismo non è in grado di sintetizzarle, le vitamine vanno necessariamente assunte attraverso l’alimentazione. Questo è fondamentale  per la prevenzione di alcune patologie, tra cui alcuni tipi di anemia e di cancro.

Lo stato di carenza vitaminica è detto ipovitaminosi, mentre quando esse sono addirittura assenti dall’organismo si parla di avitaminosi. Ciascuna di queste condizioni causa sintomi differenti a seconda del tipo di vitamina carente o assente e può dipendere da un aumento del fabbisogno vitaminico (ad esempio in gravidanza), da una insufficiente assunzione di vitamine attraverso gli alimenti o da alterazioni intestinali che ne limitano, o ne impediscono, l’assorbimento come avviene in caso di patologie croniche o negli alcolisti.

Si parla invece di ipervitaminosi quando vi è una quantità eccessiva di vitamine nell’organismo. Tale condizione può riguardare una singola vitamina o uno specifico gruppo. In genere è determinata dall’abuso di integratori.

Distinguiamo due gruppi fondamentali di vitamine: idrosolubili e liposolubili

Vitamine idrosolubili

Le vitamine idrosolubili non sono accumulabili dall’organismo e quindi vanno assunte quotidianamente attraverso l’alimentazione:

Ne fanno parte tutte le vitamine del gruppo B: Tiamina (vitamina B1), Riboflavina (vitamina B2), Acido pantotenico (vitamina B5), Piridossina (vitamina B6), Cobalamina (vitamina B12), e le vitamine C (acido ascorbico), H (biotina), PP (niacina), e l’acido folico.

Vitamine liposolubili

Le vitamine liposolubili vengono assorbite dall’organismo insieme ai grassi alimentari e si accumulano nel fegato dove vanno a costituire una riserva, per questo motivo i sintomi da carenza si manifestano solo quando non le assumiamo per lungo tempo. Vediamole:

Retinolo (vitamina A), Tocoferolo (vitamina E), calciferolo (vitamina D), vitamina K.

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