La flora batterica intestinale è stata paragonata a un “organo nascosto e dimenticato” che nel suo insieme in un uomo adulto può pesare fino ad 1,5 kg. I microrganismi che la costituiscono assolvono molti compiti fondamentali per la vita, come l’assorbimento di sostanze nutritive, la produzione di vitamine ed una importante azione sinergica con il sistema immunitario: nel colon, infatti, si trovano circa 33 milioni di batteri per centimetro quadrato!
L’intestino, in realtà, è sterile alla nascita ed è stato paragonato ad uno stadio con miliardi di posti a sedere vuoti. Poco dopo il parto, i batteri presenti sia nella madre sia nell’ambiente circostante iniziano subito a occupare il posto disponibile, lasciando così poco spazio a potenziali germi patogeni. La flora batterica intestinale così, già a partire dai primi momenti di vita extra-uterina, quando inizia a formarsi, funziona come una barriera difensiva, capace di modificare l’ambiente intestinale rendendolo sfavorevole alla proliferazione degli agenti patogeni.
La composizione della flora batterica non rimane sempre stabile durante le fasi della vita: la concentrazione delle varie specie che la compongono può temporanemente, variare per effetto di diversi fattori ambientali, fisiologici e patologici. Il primo grande cambiamento avviene con lo svezzamento, quando essa si adatta e muta, pur mantenendo la sua fisionomia di base. In ogni caso la flora definitiva dell’uomo è costituita principalmente da batteri anaerobi (per esempio Bacteroides, bifidobatteri) che sono molto più numerosi di quelli aerobi (come Escherichia e lattobacilli). L’importante, però, per il benessere dell’intero organismo è l’equilibrio tra le diverse specie della flora batterica. In essa, infatti, sono presenti essenzialmente 3 grandi gruppi:
- batteri nocivi come Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, Proteus;
- batteri neutri che diventano nocivi solo in determinate condizioni (Escherichia coli, enterococchi, streptococchi, Bacteroides, Eubacterium)
- batteri buoni (appartenenti ai generi Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium).
In condizioni normali, i microrganismi nocivi sono tenuti sotto controllo dall’intera flora batterica: ma non è sempre così. Sono note da tempo le alterazioni della flora intestinale in seguito a terapia antibiotica, oppure in situazioni, anche temporanee di immunodeficienza, di stati patologici o in caso di stress fisico ed emozionale. Anche l’avanzare dell’età e variazioni improvvise dell’alimentazione o la malnutrizione possono incidere sulla composizione e le attività della flora intestinale.
Per aiutare a prevenire alcune di queste situazioni, i batteri “buoni” dovrebbero contribuire a riportare la flora di nuovo in equilibrio. La prima regola per favorire l’efficienza della flora batterica intestinale è mantenere una corretta alimentazione e cercare di eliminare le condizioni che hanno determinato l’alterazione. Un grande aiuto viene dai probiotici ovvero microorganisrni vivi (fermenti lattici) che si trovano in alcuni prodotti alimentari o integratori i quali, se assunti regolarmente, sono in grado di influenzare positivamente l’ecosistema intestinale e promuovere e migliorare le funzioni di equilibrio fisiologico dell’organismo, attraverso un insieme di effetti aggiuntivi rispetto alle normali attività nutrizionali, esercitando, quindi, funzioni benefiche per l’organismo.
Numerosi studi hanno infatti evidenziato una serie di effetti positivi dei probiotici sull’organismo umano, che vanno dal contribuire a mantenere la flora intestinale bilanciata (supporto dei batteri benefici e soppressione delle attività dei batteri nocivi) al supporto della funzionalità intestinale fino al rinforzo del sistema immunitario. Sappiamo, inoltre, che certi microrganismi con la loro azione immunostimolante sono efficaci per combattere alcune forme tumorali. Queste importanti proprietà, però, variano da ceppo a ceppo di probiotico e dipendono anche dalle quantità assunte.
Perciò, negli ultimi anni, la ricerca scientifica si è concentrata sempre più a indagare sulla capacità di alcuni probiotici ceppo-specifici di proteggere o curare certe malattie. I più comuni tipi di batteri probiotici sono forme di Lactobacillus e Bifidobacterium, a volte combinate con Streptococcus thermophilus. I probiotici si trovano più comunemente sotto forma di prodotti fermentati di fattoria (fermenti lattici). Si possono anche trovare in integratori sotto forma di gocce, pastiglie, capsule o bustine.
Per ottenere effetti favorevoli, è necessario consumare regolarmente batteri probiotici vivi, dato che sono gli unici che passano attraverso il tratto intestinale. Alcune ditte stanno utilizzando un processo chiamato tindalizzazione che consiste in un trattamento termico controllato dei microrganismi che permette una maggiore stabilità e resistenza dei fermenti lattici mantenendone inalterate le principali proprietà biologiche funzionali.
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