Ecco alcune semplici strategie per ritrovare la linea (e il proprio benessere) nei primi difficili anni della menopausa, quando sembra di aver perso il controllo sul proprio corpo.
Il cambiamento del proprio corpo al sopraggiungere della menopausa è uno dei pensieri che preoccupano maggiormente le donne che giungono al limite del periodo fertile: tra i vari disagi che questa nuova fase biologica comporta, sicuramente l’aumento della massa corporea e soprattutto del grasso addominale è quello che spesso risulta particolarmente sgradito: da una parte perché si tratta di uno dei sintomi della menopausa più diffusi, dall’altra perché, dopo i 50 anni, all’aumento del peso è collegata una serie di altri disturbi e patologie (aumento di trigliceridi e colesterolo, dolore alle articolazioni, stanchezza e affanno…).
Ma, per quanto difficile, dimagrire in menopausa si può: bastano alcune semplici accortezze per mantenere il proprio peso ideale oppure per ritrovare la forma fisica più consona alla propria corporatura, nel caso in cui si fosse preso qualche chilo di troppo. Per dimagrire in modo sano, non stressante e duraturo ci sono poche semplici regole, che però andrebbero rispettate alla lettera per garantire un risultato funzionale alle proprie aspettative. Vediamo quali sono i primi passi per tornare in forma e godersi la menopausa con serenità e buonumore.
Semplificando di molto il complesso funzionamento dell’organismo, che varia anche in base alle esigenze personali, alle circostanze, all’ambiente in cui si vive (e molto altro), possiamo innanzitutto fare chiarezza sulle motivazioni che inducono l’organismo femminile a ingrassare più facilmente dopo i cinquant’anni:
- in menopausa rallenta il metabolismo basale, ovvero quello che ci permette di bruciare calorie “a riposo” (semplicemente svolgendo quelle funzioni indispensabili a tenere in vita il nostro corpo)
- cambia drasticamente l’assetto ormonale, a causa della cessazione dell’attività delle ovaie.
A loro volta, ciascuna di queste situazioni è alla base di alcune problematiche associate all’alimentazione:
- se il metabolismo basale è lento, il corpo è in grado di gestire meno calorie alla volta: tutte quelle in eccesso vengono immagazzinate in riserve di grasso, che quindi si accumula più facilmente, in particolare su fianchi, pancia e cosce.
- una minore presenza di estrogeni, legata alla fine dell’attività ovarica, determina un incremento del grasso corporeo, specialmente quello viscerale addominale: una situazione piuttosto pericolosa dal punto di vista della salute, specialmente se non bilanciata da una dieta sana ed equilibrata.
A partire da queste considerazioni appare chiaro come la prima cosa da fare sia mettere ordine nel proprio stile di vita, acquistando ritmi regolari e un giusto ritmo nell’alternanza sonno veglia, stabilendo almeno cinque pasti quotidiani, leggeri e nutrienti, e dedicando parte del proprio tempo alla cura del proprio corpo, a partire dalla pratica di una buona dose di attività fisica. Ma procediamo con ordine:
- Contenere le calorie immesse nell’organismo con l’alimentazione. Durante la menopausa – e in particolar modo all’inizio, quando il corpo non ha ancora trovato un equilibrio nella nuova fase biologica – è necessario prestare attenzione alla quantità di calorie che si introducono nell’organismo attraverso l’alimentazione. Per qualcuno sarà una piccola forzatura, altre donne, invece, sono già abituate a contare le calorie di ciascun pasto ma, senza essere troppo puntigliosi e soprattutto senza che diventi una vera e propria ossessione, bisogna prendere consapevolezza della “pesantezza” di ciascun piatto. Una buona regola è diminuire le porzioni, senza troppe rinunce; è consigliato prendere l’abitudine di pesare gli alimenti, invece che andare “ad occhio” e invece di affidarsi alla capienza di recipienti e piatti, che spesso possono trarre in inganno.
- Distribuire bene le calorie durante il giorno. Un’altra buona abitudine consiste nel programmare, all’interno delle ventiquattr’ore, cinque pasti diversi: introdurre uno spuntino dopo la prima colazione e una merenda tra i due pasti principali ci assicura l’energia necessaria a sostenere gli impegni della giornata, mantiene costante il livello di zuccheri nel sangue, evitando fastidiosi picchi glicemici e soprattutto fa desistere dal mangiare troppo durante i pasti principali. Con uno snack a base di frutta, ad esempio, si può evitare di arrivare al pranzo affamate e senza energia. Non sottovalutate, inoltre, la colazione: sebbene la maggior parte degli italiani sia abituata al caffè con il classico cornetto, prendete in considerazione anche qualcosa di più nutriente e meno calorico, come uno yogurt magro con della frutta secca e un frutto fresco di stagione.
- Seguire una dieta povera di grassi e ricca di vitamine. Ormai sarà chiaro: è bene limitare il consumo di grassi di origine animale (burro e formaggi, carni grasse e insaccati), perché favoriscono l’aumento del colesterolo cattivo, e allo stesso tempo privilegiare quelli di origine vegetale, come olio di oliva e olio di semi, alcuni tipi di frutta (avocado, cocco, mango) e il cacao. Via libera, invece, al pesce, che è ricco di omega 3 e protegge il cuore dai rischi cardiovascolari. Per stimolare l’intestino e accelerare il metabolismo è consigliabile seguire una dieta ricca di fibre (cereali integrali e verdure); mentre tassativamente da evitare sono le bibite zuccherate e gassate.
- Fare attività fisica. Anche se leggera, un po’ di attività fisica costante e quotidiana può sicuramente giovare al proprio organismo, in particolare a quello della donna in menopausa. Le soluzioni sono moltissime e varie: dalla semplice camminata a passo veloce (almeno 30 minuti) ai corsi di danza e agli sport di gruppo, dal nuoto in piscina alla corsa leggera. Fare attività fisica, dopotutto, non vuol dire esclusivamente praticare uno sport: per stare meglio basta adottare alcune semplici buone abitudini, come scegliere di lasciare l’auto a casa per camminare di più, fare le scale invece di prendere l’ascensore, ecc.
- Non fare troppa attività fisica. Può sembrare in contrasto con il punto precedente, ma non è affatto così: con l’entrata in menopausa diventa necessario limitare ogni fonte di stress, anche quella che può derivare da un eccesso di attività fisica. È bene controllare sempre di non sforzare troppo l’organismo, specie se si sceglie di praticare uno sport che sforza le articolazioni, particolarmente sensibili in questa fase biologica e indebolite naturalmente dall’età.
- Dormire. Un riposo di almeno 8 ore al giorno, se abbinato a ritmi più lenti e regolari, può sicuramente contribuire ad alleviare i sintomi della menopausa. Per aiutare il riposo, che sopra i cinquant’anni è spesso troppo leggero e poco duraturo, esistono vari rimedi: dalla tisana a base di camomilla agli integratori di melatonina, dalla pratica della meditazione alle tecniche di rilassamento prima di dormire.
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