Qualche giorno fa abbiamo approfondito la conoscenza degli edulcoranti naturali, ovvero tutti quei dolcificanti presenti nella frutta e nella verdura, che servono a dare maggiore sapore e dolcezza ai cibi e alle bevande. Oltre ai dolcificanti naturali esistono anche quelli sintetici, ovvero delle sostanze prodotte in laboratorio usate proprio come le altre per dolcificare i cibi; oggi, quindi, vi spiegheremo nel dettaglio quali sono i dolcificanti sintetici e le loro caratteristiche.
I dolcificanti sintetici
Come abbiamo detto, i dolcificanti sintetici vengono prodotti in laboratorio e si caratterizzano per il loro grande potere edulcorante, in alcuni casi addirittura 600 volte superiore allo zucchero, dall’assenza di calorie e dalla possibilità di poterne consumare solo una dose massima giornaliera.
I dolcificanti sintetici, proprio come gli edulcoranti naturali, vengono molto usati dall’industria alimentare per la produzione di cibi e bevande senza zucchero, utilizzati da chi ha problemi di sovrappeso e dalle persone affette da diabete o da chi ha bisogno di controllare l’assunzione di zucchero nell’alimentazione; alcuni di questi dolcificanti artificiali possono essere sottoposti a cottura, come acesulfame, ciclammato e saccarina, mentre altri no, come ad esempio l’aspartame.
Sull’uso dei dolcificanti sintetici esistono pareri contrastanti da parte degli esperti in quanto alcune indagini hanno evidenziato delle correlazione tra l’uso di questi edulcoranti e la possibile insorgenza di tumori, pertanto ne è stato regolamentato l’uso stilando delle dosi giornaliere raccomandate calcolate sul peso corporeo.
Inoltre, tutti i dolcificanti sintetici che si trovano nei cibi e nelle bevande vendute nell’Unione Europea sono sottoposti a test approfonditi e approvati da un’apposita commissione che ne stabilisce le quantità massime giornaliere e controlla che esse siano rispettate.
Quali sono i dolcificanti sintetici
Acesulfame K. L’acesulfame K è un sale potassico che ha un potere dolcificante 200 volte superiore al saccarosio senza contenere calorie; può essere sottoposto a cottura e la dose giornaliera consigliata è di 9 mg per kg di peso corporeo.
Aspartame. L’aspartame è stato scoperto nel 1965 e si forma dall’unione di due aminoacidi quali acido aspartico e fenilalanina; è in grado di dolcificare 200 volte in più dello zucchero e apporta quattro calorie per grammo. Data la sua instabilità chimica, l’aspartame non deve essere usato nella preparazione di alimenti sottoposti a cottura; la dose massima giornaliera consigliata è di 40 mg per kg di peso corporeo e non ne è consigliato l’uso in caso di gravidanza, allattamento e nei bambini piccoli. In caso di assunzione in dosi elevate, alcuni studi hanno evidenziato possibili reazioni allergiche.
Saccarina. Questo dolcificante sintetico è ottenuto dal toluene, non viene metabolizzato dall’organismo bensì espulso con le urine; essendo una sostanza stabile, può essere usata anche in cibi e bevande sottoposti a cottura anche se, esposta al calore, il sapore dolce può diventare amarognolo. Il potere dolcificante della saccarina è 500 volte superiore al saccarosio e l’assunzione massima giornaliera è di 0-2,5 mg per kg di peso corporeo; in caso di dosi superiori a quelle consigliate si possono verificare allergie e diarrea.
Ciclammato. E’ un sale sodico usato nella preparazione di cibi dietetici, gomme da masticare e bevande alcoliche, con un potere dolcificante fino a 50 volte superiore di quello del saccarosio; la dose consigliata quotidianamente è di 11 mg per chilogrammo di peso corporeo. Gli effetti collaterali del Ciclammato possono essere dermatiti, prurito e comparsa di eczemi.
Sucralosio. Il Sucralosio è un derivato dello zucchero senza calorie ma 600 volte più dolce di esso; la dose massima giornaliera raccomandata è di 5 mg/kg di peso corporeo.
Neoesperidina DC. Questo dolcificante sintetico è usato per produrre la birra analcolica, il sidro e le conserve di frutta; l’apporto giornaliero raccomandato è compreso tra uno e cinque mg. in base al proprio peso corporeo e se usata in alte concentrazioni presenta un retrogusto simile alla liquirizia e al mentolo.
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