Le abitudini alimentari degli uomini preistorici e la Paleodieta

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Possono due piccole pietre di arenaria ridisegnare la storia dell’evoluzione alimentare umana? Sì, se le due pietre in questione sono quelle usate circa 30mila anni fa dall’Homo sapiens sapiens per ridurre in polvere le radici di una pianta per ottenere una farina da usare per preparare zuppe o gallette. Fino ad oggi, infatti, nessuno sapeva che l’uomo primitiva, già nel Paleolitica sapesse raffinare i vegetali selvatici e si credeva che i carboidrati complessi fossero stati introdotti nella dieta umana solo nel Neolitico.

È facile comprendere, quindi, l’importanza che ha avuto il ritrovamento di queste pietre di arenaria da parte di un gruppo di archeologici dell’Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria: le due pietre erano due primitivi attrezzi per la raffinazione, una macina e un macinella, usata dall’uomo preistorico per ricavare della farina dalle radici della Tifa palustre.

L’alimentazione dell’uomo primitivo

In origine l’uomo si nutriva di tuberi, radici, bacche, frutta, della carne di carogne o di altri piccoli animali, come i molluschi e le tartarughe; successivamente imparò a costruirsi delle armi con le quali cacciare animali più grandi, fino arrivare alla scoperta dell’uso del fuoco per cuocere la carne, a renderla più digeribile e ad assumere più facilmente i nutrienti in essa contenuti.

L’uso del fuoco per cuocere i cibi

Il passaggio all’uso del fuoco per cuocere la carne, avvenuto circa 500mila anni fa è stato importantissimo: un recente studio pubblicato sulla rivista PNAS ha evidenziato come:

Il passaggio dalla carne cruda a quella a quella cotta ha consentito all’uomo preistorico di ottenere più facilmente energia dalla dieta, aprendo la strada a un rafforzamento del fisico e al miglioramento delle capacità cerebrali.

La “raffinazione” delle radici e delle piante

Un’altra svolta fu, quindi, la capacità di macinare radici e piante per ricavarne farina, sia perché se ne potevano ottenere cibi più nutrienti e a base di carboidrati complessi, sia perché le radici, in questo modo, diventavano più facili da trasportare; inoltre, successivamente, in epoca di carestie e di carenza di selvaggina, la capacità di raffinare piante e radici servì all’uomo per non essere troppo dipendente dalla carne e, quindi, per sopravvivere.

L’evoluzione nell’alimentazione dell’uomo

Da qualche tempo lo studio delle abitudini alimentari degli uomini preistorici è al centro di dibattiti; capire cosa mangiavano gli uomini preistorici non è una curiosità bensì serve a capire cosa è meglio per l’uomo moderno in campo alimentare. Con molta probabilità, secondo gli esperti, l’evoluzione culturale è stata più veloce di quella genetica, nel senso che l’uomo non è riuscito del tutto ad adattare la propria fisiologia alla nuova dieta ricca di carni di animali d’allevamento, ben diverse da quelle della selvaggina o degli animali allevati naturalmente.

La Paleodieta

Proprio per questo c’è sempre più la tendenza a tornare al passato in campo alimentare: si tratta della Paleodieta, un regime alimentare che prevede una dieta il quanto più possibile vicina a quella dell’uomo preistorico la quale, secondo gli esperti, sarebbe più adatta a noi geneticamente. Ovviamente la Paleodieta non suggerisce di andare cacciare animali, ma di nutrirsi in modo più “povero” e “semplice”, ovvero con carni magre, selvaggina, bacche, frutta fresca e secca e verdura cruda; anche per la carne e il pesce sarebbe consigliata la versione “a crudo” o, se proprio non è possibile, quella cosiddetta “al sangue”. Naturalmente dalla Paleodieta vanno eliminati tutti quei cibi che non c’erano prima dell’inizio della coltivazione dei cereali, ovvero zuccheri, coloranti, conservanti, cibi industriali e cereali raffinati.

La Paleodieta non è un’alimentazione facile da seguire e non va seguita per perdere peso, serve piuttosto per non dimenticare le origini dell’uomo e per avere un rapporto più equilibrato con il proprio corpo.

Certamente non si può mangiare nel 2012 come 40mila anni fa e infatti la Paleodieta propone di moderare la dieta abituale riducendo l’apporto dei carboidrati, aumentando il consumo di verdura cruda, prediligendo carni magre e provenienti da allevamenti non intensivi, riducendo i cereali, cercando fonti di carboidrati alternative a quelle ricche di glutine e facendo più movimento e attività fisica.

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