Per farina bianca si intende la farina che abitualmente consumiamo sotto forma di pane, pasta e dolci. Questo tipo di prodotto purtroppo non ha quasi più niente di naturale, poiché è stato privato sia della crusca, la parte esterna del seme del grano, che del germe, la parte interna. Una dieta basata esclusivamente sulla farina bianca può essere causa di stitichezza, ma anche sovrappeso e malattie croniche. Vediamo insieme perché la farina bianca fa male e quali sono i sostituti.
Farina bianca, fa male?
La farina rappresenta la componente più importante della dieta mediterranea, quale ingrediente di pasta, pane, pizza e dolci, tuttavia intorno agli anni 50’, quella integrale è stata sostituita con quella bianca, considerata più digeribile, meglio lavorabile e conservabile e più saziante (per cui fa aumentare i consumi!). L’impoverimento della farina, con la totale sottrazione della crusca e del germe non ha però tenuto conto della salute del consumatore e dell’ambiente. La farina bianca, infatti, contiene quasi esclusivamente amido e proteine di modesta qualità e durante il processo di raffinazione vengono persi all’incirca quasi tutte le vitamine, le metà degli acidi grassi polinsaturi e una buona parte di Sali minerali. Senza contare che la farina appare bianca perché viene sbiancata chimicamente con sostanze nocive come l’ossido di azoto, di cloro e nitrosyl e perossido di benzoile miscelato con sali chimici vari.
Ecco, perché consumare alimenti prodotti con farina integrale (meglio da agricoltura biologica) è una forma di alimentazione a più elevato valore nutritivo e meno dannosa all’organismo di una dieta ricca di cibi prodotti con farine raffinate. Ma cosa succede quando il consumo di farina bianca è eccessivo? Essenzialmente più prodotti raffinati s’introducono, più insulina deve essere prodotta dall’organismo. L’insulina, a sua volta, favorisce il deposito di grasso, impedendone il riutilizzo stesso. Inoltre, i cibi raffinati aumentano la sensazione di fame, sopprimendo il glucagone, l’ormone che facilita il consumo di grassi e zuccheri e l’ormone della crescita, che favorisce l’aumento della massa muscolare a scapito di quella grassa. A questo punto, è facile comprendere perché s’ingrassa, ma non solo. L’eccesso di alimenti raffinati, infatti, può causare diabete mellito, emicranie croniche, allergie, acne, psoriasi ed altre malattie della pelle, disturbi alla prostata, diverticoli, gravi costipazioni, prolassi intestinali, artriti, reumatismi, disturbi cardiaci, asma, problemi respiratori, noduli al seno, perdita di vitalità, stanchezza, depressione, mancanza di concentrazione, ecc.
Sostituti della farina bianca
Le farine integrali o meno raffinate mantengono intatti i nutrienti presenti nel germe di grano, che come abbiamo detto sono una fonte preziosa di Sali minerali, aminoacidi e vitamine e nella crusca, ricca di fibre. In sostituzione della farina 00 è possibile utilizzare:
- Farina integrale di frumento: diversamente dalla farina 00 conserva integralmente la crusca ed è per questo più ricca di fibre. Chiaramente all’aspetto si presenta più scura.
- Farina integrale di riso: è povera di proteina e ricchissima di amidi è molto facile da digerire. Inoltre essendo priva di glutine è indicata anche per i celiaci.
- Farina integrale di segale: all’aspetto è molto scura ed è un vero concentrato di Sali minerali e fibre.
- Farina integrale di farro: il sapore è simile a quello della farina di frumento, ma è più saziante e digeribile ed è ricca di Sali minerali e vitamine.
- Farina integrale di avena: rallenta l’assimilazione del glucosio, ha un buon contenuto di fibre e abbassa il livello di colesterolo cattivo.
- Farina integrale di mais: è priva di glutine e povera di proteine e vitamine, ma è molto saziante, ha un buon contenuto di fibre e di Sali minerali.
- Farina integrale di kamut: è simile nel gusto alla farina 00, ma è ricca di proteine, Sali minerali e vitamine ed è molto digeribile.
- Farina integrale di orzo: è priva di glutine, ma è ricca di Sali minerali e ha un basso indice glicemico.
- Farina integrale di grano saraceno: nel gusto ricorda la farina integrale. A dispetto del nome non si ricava da un cereale e quindi è senza glutine. È nutriente e ricca di fibre.
- Farina di soia: si ricava dalla macinazione dei semi di soia tostati ed è quella più ricca di proteine. Non a caso viene utilizzata ampiamente da vegani e vegetariani. Ha anche un basso indice glicemico ed è ricca di fibre.
- Farina integrale di amaranto: è priva di glutine e ha un buon contenuto di proteine, fibre, sali minerali e lisina, un aminoacido essenziale utilizzato nella formazione di nuovi tessuti e nella crescita muscolare.
- Farina integrale di miglio: è priva di glutine ed è ricca di fosforo, ferro, magnesio e betacarotene, ma anche di acido salicilico, alleato di unghie, pelle e capelli.
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