I probiotici nell’alimentazione quotidiana: cosa sono e a cosa servono

probiotici

La flora batterica intesti­nale è stata paragonata a un “organo nascosto e dimenticato” che nel suo insieme in un uomo adulto può pesare fino ad 1,5 kg. I microrganismi che la costituiscono assolvono molti compiti fondamen­tali per la vita, come l’assorbimento di sostanze nutritive, la produzione di vitamine ed una importante azione sinergica con il sistema im­munitario: nel colon, infatti, si tro­vano circa 33 milioni di batteri per centimetro quadrato!

L’intestino, in realtà, è sterile alla nascita ed è stato paragonato ad uno stadio con miliardi di posti a sedere vuoti. Poco dopo il parto, i batteri presenti sia nella madre sia nel­l’ambiente circostante iniziano subito a occupare il posto disponibile, lasciando così poco spazio a po­tenziali germi patogeni. La flora batterica intestinale così, già a partire dai primi momenti di vita extra-uterina, quando inizia a formarsi, funziona come una bar­riera difensiva, capace di modificare l’ambiente intestinale rendendolo sfavorevole alla proliferazione degli agenti patogeni.

La composizione della flora batterica non rimane sempre stabile durante le fasi della vita: la concentrazione delle varie specie che la compongono può temporanemente, variare per ef­fetto di diversi fattori ambientali, fi­siologici e patologici. Il primo grande cambiamento av­viene con lo svezzamento, quando essa si adatta e muta, pur mantenendo la sua fisionomia di base. In ogni caso la flora definitiva del­l’uomo è costituita principalmente da batteri anaerobi (per esempio Bacteroides, bifidobatteri) che sono molto più numerosi di quelli aerobi (come Escherichia e lattobacilli). L’importante, però, per il benessere dell’intero organismo è l’equilibrio tra le diverse specie della flora bat­terica. In essa, infatti, sono presenti essenzialmente 3 grandi gruppi:

  • batteri nocivi come Pseudomo­nas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, Proteus;
  • batteri neutri che diventano no­civi solo in determinate condizioni (Escherichia coli, enterococchi, streptococchi, Bacteroides, Eu­bacterium)
  • batteri buoni (appartenenti ai ge­neri Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium).

 In condizioni normali, i microrgani­smi nocivi sono tenuti sotto con­trollo dall’intera flora batterica: ma non è sempre così. Sono note da tempo le alterazioni della flora inte­stinale in seguito a terapia antibio­tica, oppure in situazioni, anche temporanee di immunodeficienza, di stati patologici o in caso di stress fisico ed emozionale. Anche l’avan­zare dell’età e variazioni improvvise dell’alimentazione o la malnutri­zione possono incidere sulla composizione e le attività della flora in­testinale.

Per aiutare a prevenire alcune di queste situazioni, i batteri “buoni” dovrebbero contribuire a riportare la flora di nuovo in equilibrio. La prima regola per favorire l’effi­cienza della flora batterica inte­stinale è mantenere una corretta alimentazione e cercare di elimi­nare le condizioni che hanno de­terminato l’alterazione. Un grande aiuto viene dai probio­tici ovvero microorganisrni vivi (fer­menti lattici) che si trovano in alcuni prodotti alimentari o integratori i quali, se assunti regolarmente, sono in grado di influenzare positi­vamente l’ecosistema intestinale e promuovere e migliorare le funzioni di equilibrio fisiologico dell’organi­smo, attraverso un insieme di effetti aggiuntivi rispetto alle normali atti­vità nutrizionali, esercitando, quindi, funzioni benefiche per l’organismo.

Numerosi studi hanno infatti evi­denziato una serie di effetti positivi dei probiotici sull’organismo umano, che vanno dal contribuire a mantenere la flora intestinale bilan­ciata (supporto dei batteri benefici e soppressione delle attività dei batteri nocivi) al supporto della funzio­nalità intestinale fino al rinforzo del sistema immunitario. Sappiamo, inoltre, che certi micror­ganismi con la loro azione immu­nostimolante sono efficaci per combattere alcune forme tumorali. Queste importanti proprietà, però, variano da ceppo a ceppo di pro­biotico e dipendono anche dalle quantità assunte.

Perciò, negli ultimi anni, la ricerca scientifica si è concentrata sempre più a indagare sulla capacità di al­cuni probiotici ceppo-specifici di proteggere o curare certe malattie. I più comuni tipi di batteri probiotici sono forme di Lactobacillus e Bifi­dobacterium, a volte combinate con Streptococcus thermophilus. I probiotici si trovano più comune­mente sotto forma di prodotti fer­mentati di fattoria (fermenti lattici). Si possono anche trovare in inte­gratori sotto forma di gocce, pasti­glie, capsule o bustine.

Per ottenere effetti favorevoli, è ne­cessario consumare regolarmente batteri probiotici vivi, dato che sono gli unici che passano attraverso il tratto intestinale. Alcune ditte stanno utilizzando un processo chiamato tindalizzazione che con­siste in un trattamento termico con­trollato dei microrganismi che permette una maggiore stabilità e resistenza dei fermenti lattici man­tenendone inalterate le principali proprietà biologiche funzionali.

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